Communication through Information Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2652 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Table of Contents Introduction Globalization Communication Cost Effective Bridging Cultures More Time Job Creation Unemployment Privacy Lack of Job Security Dominant Culture Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Communication through information technology has literally changed our lives. Some people will say that this is for the better. They say that because of IT, we are far more aware of what happens in the world, that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost effective, that we can communicate easier with others, that IT has created more jobs and that it saves time in the long run. Others say that our reliance on information technology is not always a good thing. They say that it has led to people losing their jobs, a lack of privacy, a lack of job security and a creation of a dominant culture in the form of America. This report will look at both sides of the argument in more detail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication through Information Technology" essay for you Create order Globalization The world has become a much smaller place in recent years. This is largely due to the Internet. It has become much easier and cheaper to communicate with family and friends around the world using sites like Skype and social media networks such as Facebook or Google+. The internet has also opened up the world of online shopping. In 2012, 43% of Irish consumers purchased online last year. 75% of these purchases were spent outside of Ireland (Farrelly, 2013). This surge in on-line shopping is not limited to downloading music through iTunes and the like but downloading books, purchasing electronics and clothes through sites such as Littlewoods or Amazon. The Chinese on-line market is seen as the new frontier for Irish shoppers to buy on-line with the price of the goods outweighing the waiting period for the product to be received. Information Technology includes smartphones and tablets which have become extremely popular in the last number of years. Android and Apple are the larg est manufacturers of smartphone and tablet operating systems. Over a billion phones and tablets use the Android operating system, making it the most popular in the world (Google.com, 2014). Apps on these operating systems include Skype which allows users to video call to messaging apps like WhatsApp which is an internet led messaging app that allows users to send group messages. All of these allow us to communicate faster, cheaper and easier than ever before. E-mail has made it easier and faster to communicate with friends or colleagues throughout the world. Communication It has never been easier to communicate with family and friends around the world. Letters and faxes to colleagues are being fast replaced by e-mail. E-mail allows users to easily communicate with colleagues or clients in a quick and efficient way. Delivery reports can be requested on some e-mails sent ensuring that the sender is aware when the e-mail has been delivered. Attachments can be sent with e-mails allowing for users to forward vital information to colleagues quickly. E-mails can be encrypted to ensure that information is not hijacked by others and can be easily stored in servers. Most computer systems are backed-up to servers nightly thus ensuring that e-mails are safely saved by the company. Skype allows users to video call family and friends with ease. It is also used by businesses as a cost effective way to hold business meetings where the participants are not all in the same office. This is a cheap and easy to set up too. Facebook and other social media sites allow users to post pictures and updates for their friends to view and comment on. Most social media networks will also allow users to message each other for free, allowing greater communication. Some such as Google+ allow users to video call each other too. Social media also allows companies to communicate with their customers by updating their pages with pictures of new products, new shop openings and increasingly using it for customer complaints and comments with some of these going viral. Social media also lets companies upload how-to videos to help garner a larger customer base and increase hits to their website. A good and well managed social media presence can increase a customer base. Cost Effective Information Technology has made the workplace easier to navigate than ever before. Mobile phones can be used to check your e-mails on your commute to work. Tablets can be used in presentations in business meetings. Both can be used to look up information needed in a meeting. Books and documents can be stored as references in meetings allowing for greater discussions and quicker replies in terms of business. Almost all offices use computer technology to write and store letters sent to clients or colleagues. Computers can be networked together allowing for information to be stored in one overall source à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the server. The server will also back up all information at the end of the day and may also transfer this data to an outside source thus ensuring that data will not be lost. By doing this, computers can work faster and ongoing work can be shared more easily with colleagues. It also makes it easier for work to be looked back on. Bridging Cultures As Information Technology has brought the world together, it has helped us to understand and communicate with our neighbours in different cultures. The world has been open like it never has been before and we have all changed because of this. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easier than it has ever been before to communicate with people from other countries. Skype even allows you to see each other in real time. This form of communication along with messaging apps and e-mail ensure that people can communicate and describe what is happening to them. Technology has made it easier to learn new languages without having to go to classes to do so. You can subscribe to a learning webpage like Alison.com and learn new languages and skills for free. Other sites such as rosettastone.ie will let you learn a new language in a number of different ways such as through a CD Rom on your computer or through a downloadable version. New technology and competition between airlines have also made it easie r than ever before to travel to new countries and taste their culture such as Vietnam or India. More and more people are making such trips and communicating their trip to family and friends at home through messages and pictures. More Time Information Technology especially in terms of e-commerce has allowed people to shop and bank on-line at a time that suits them. Being able to do a range of chores on-line such as paying bills or getting quotes for your car insurance allows people to do other things on their lunch break. There is less stress for people using up lunch breaks allowing them to do other things. Employers will find this as a benefit as it allows for greater productivity at work. On-line shopping and price comparison websites allow people to look for the items they may need, compare websites and read reviews of the products to ensure they are getting what they want allow for people to get their shopping done quicker. Many people may wish to look for big electrical goods on-line. They might check out all the shops for price comparison, check out reviews on different sites. Spending a little time doing this and focusing on the product they really want, saves a lot of time in the shop discussing your need s with the sales assistant. Some individuals will however, purchase the item on-line and have it delivered to their home. Job Creation Information Technology has opened up new job opportunities for mechanically minded people. There are many different types of jobs out there in Information Technology ranging from Software Engineering where an individual would create programs and apps for computers and smartphones to hardware engineering where the computers and smartphones would be built. There are jobs in maintenance where an individual may maintain a network of computers in an office. This could also be considered network engineering. Jobs can also be found in customer services where the end customer is helped with any problems they might have with their software or hardware. For example Amazon has started to use this with their Fire Tablets and Phone. The newer versions of the tablet and the phone have a button that will connect the user to a customer service representative that will help them with any problems they may have using the device. Unemployment The dominance of Information Technology could lead to larger unemployment in some instances. As was mentioned above, the office environment has changed dramatically with the introduction and development of computer systems. Computer systems have made letter writing easier and faster, allow for complex spreadsheets to be created and updated and for databases to be easily created. A lot of these systems allow for items from other programs to be easily inputted. E-mail has allowed for a significant amount of lessening in the postal system. This has led to a lessening in the number of people needed to work in an office. In an article called How Technology is Destroying Jobs, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee from MITà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sloan School of Management, contend that robot technology is taking jobs from ordinary workers. Studies contend that robots work alongside the workers to assist them in jobs they are unable or unwilling to do. In a lot of cases, such as Amazonà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of robots (the Kiva) to bring products to the workers in order for them to be packaged have resulted in people unwilling to do the job. Brynjolfsson and McAfee concluded that technology is widening the gap between the lower skill workers whose jobs are safe as they cannot be completed by robots and the high tech jobs where the technology is being developed is widening and it shows no sign of slowing down (Rotman, 2013). Technology companies acquire other companies in order to adopt the technology that has been developed. In doing so this has often led to redundancies and job losses in the company acquired. A case in point is Microsoftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acquisition of Nokia. Microsoft purchased Nokia in February 2014 in order to branch out into the mobile technology sector. In July of this year, it announced that it was to cut 18,000 jobs from its workforce worldwide (Anon., 2014). Coincidentally, Nokia have just announced that they are creating a new tablet, th e N1 that runs on the Android operating system, not 6 months after selling their devices division (Rosendahl, Jussi, 2014). Privacy Privacy is a big issue when it comes to Information Technology. Information Technology in itself is not secure and there is a big industry involved in securing it. Most people will download anti-virus software to run on their home computers to try and stop viruses from attacking their files and destroying them or having their photos etc. hacked from their computers. With cloud technology, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s more important than ever for companies to ensure their servers are safe from hackers in order to keep their clients information private. As can be seen from the hack of Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cloud and the distribution of female celebrities private photoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, this is not always achieved. As people are living their lives through technology, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s often the case that their information is being linked and kept by companies. Take for example Google. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search engine is the biggest in the world, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Androi d operating system for mobile phones and tablets is the most used operating system in the world, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Gmail e-mail system is highly popular as is the popularity of its new Chromebook. That is a lot of information on individuals for one company to have. It is vital that the company lives up to the trust that people are placing in it by keeping their information private and free from abuse. The company runs hacks on ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s systems itself regularly trying to infiltrate the computer software and take down systems. It does this to help with privacy. Lack of Job Security Technology keeps moving at an exponential rate with new devices and ideas released continuously. The two biggest operating systems for mobile phones and tablets, Apple and Samsung, launch new updates or new versions of their systems annually. Microsoft, the largest operating system manufacturer for computers and their office software, update their systems constantly with new operating systems being launched every few years. This moving technology means that people who work in the technology industry will constantly have to keep learning and adapting to new systems in order for them to be employable in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job market. New ideas are the lifeblood of the technology job market. Innovation is the key to success but the technology often moves faster than the ideas can be generated and launched. This has resulted in a lack of job security for everyone who works in the technology industry. Dominant Culture A case could easily be brought that America is the dominant culture, especially in English speaking countries. As the world is becoming a smaller place and news from around the world is at our fingertips either at the nearest computer or even our smartphones, it is a lot easier to become aware and even copy the culture coming from America. Ireland as a whole has always looked up to and copied in our own way the culture that comes from America. This could be because so many of our ancestors emigrated there and adapted to the culture. American television shows have been historically shown in Ireland which has increased this love we have for their culture. This coupled with the dominance of American movies in our box office has helped to secure the dominance of America as the dominant culture especially in this part of the world. With the emergence of the internet and our ability to get information on what is going to happen in our favourite television shows, this dominance h as just increased. Nowadays, we can be only days behind America in airing some of these shows. Because of this dominance of America, we are also a lot more aware of how they dress, speak and what they listen to. You only have to look at teenagers of today to see how they are influenced. Their style and music listened to is very similar to what they see on television. Conclusion Information technology has changed our world. That is not the issue. Whether it has been for the best or for the worst, is the question. We as a people have always strived to do better; after all we developed the wheel and have since travelled into space. Is continuing to create and develop better technology not part this? I believe so but not at the loss of our privacy. This is the fundamental disadvantage of using information technology in my opinion, and the one companies are striving to correct. WhatsApp announced in November 2014 that their messaging service will be encrypted end-to-end. This will assure users that even the company itself will not be able to read the message. But is our privacy sacrosanct? Should it be abandoned if we take part in criminal activity such as terrorism or even bullying? As technology is growing faster than our laws and since the jurisdiction for crime could be in question, this question will be asked for years to come. Bibliography Anon., 2014. Microsoft to cut 18,000 jobs worldwide. [Online] Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/microsoft-to-cut-18-000-jobs-worldwide-1.1869354 [Accessed 27 11 2014]. Farrelly, J., 2013. How Businesses Ise eCommerce in Ireland: Top Take Aways. [Online] Available at: https://digitalmarketinginstitute.com/blog/how-businesses-use-ecommerce-in-ireland-top-take-aways [Accessed 25 11 2014]. Google.com, 2014. android.com. [Online] Available at: https://www.android.com/ [Accessed 12 October 2014]. Rosendahl, Jussi, 2014. Nokia aims for better health with its iPad-rivalling tablet. [Online] Available at: https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/nokia-aims-for-better-health-with-its-ipadrivalling-tablet-30755795.html [Accessed 19 11 2014]. Rotman, D., 2013. How Technology is Destroying Jobs. [Online] Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/  [Accessed 27 11 2014].

The Economic and Political Motives of the American...

The Economic and Political Motives of the American Constitution vs. the Articles of Confederation Introduction The Constitution of the United States of America is often revered and thought of as the basis for all democracies around the world. However, when it is used as an example of the perfect democracy, the facts and history behind its creation are often left out. While it is a fascinating document, it is not the pinnacle of perfection that we often hold it up to be. It had a stumbling start, full of problems and arguments, instead of the immaculate conception that is often described. Its beginnings were much humbler, and they started with the Articles of Confederation. It is somewhat strange that the American people know so†¦show more content†¦While there were obvious flaws in the Articles of Confederation, did they need to be completely thrown out, or could they have been modified? Of course, the writings of Adam Smith must not be forgotten. What were the bases of Smith’s perfect government? Would Smith have sided with the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or something completely different? While Smith does have much to say about just about everything, does he have something specific to say? His views on government are geared more towards a monarchy, but some of his ideas are not necessarily monarchical in nature. He disagrees with the English system of the time, but does this mean that he has his own solution, or just basic guidelines? The Creation of the Articles of Confederation History The Articles of Confederation have long been viewed as having been a failure, a trifling effort at self-government that needed to be thrown out and replaced by the Constitution in 1787. While we now side with the Framers of the Constitution instead of its opponents, it is important to remember an old proverb: To the winner goes the spoils. So before we enter into a description of what transpired during the writing of the Articles of Confederation it is equally important to be sure not to prejudge what we believe the Articles were before learning about them. To approach the Articles of Confederation from the point of view of theShow MoreRelatedBook Review: Founding Brothers by Joseph Ellis Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesits great leaders. While each chapter or story can be read separately and completely understood, they do relate to a broader common theme. One of Ellis main purposes in writing the book was to illustrate the early stages and tribulations of the American government and its system through his use of well blended stories. The idea that a republican government of this nature was completely unprecedented is emphasized through out the book. Ellis discusses the unique problems that the revolutionary generationRead MoreFederalism Essay2577 Words   |  11 Pagesthe spheres of state and national government. 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Life circle theory of saving Free Essays

The life Circle Theory of Saving teaches about the modalities, guidelines, and strategies in which   families, governments, institutions should save, plan and manage their financial assets to span and cut across their entire life time. In the case of a family or household, it posits on how they should manage their financial assets in a transferable manner to cut across different times in their life circle, taking into cognizance the need to save and provide for retirements, as well as their children’s education, buy insurance, among other needs. According to  Ã‚   Zvi, B, Jonathan, T. We will write a custom essay sample on Life circle theory of saving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiillen P. (2004), this also relates to a companies assessment as to what to choose as the default asset allocation for a compulsory retirement saving plan. This theory poses various questions to people and deals with such fundamental issues as to how much of their earned income they should save for the future; how to invest what they save; the type of risk they must provide insurance,   incase of any eventuality; are they to buy a house or rent one; is it better to get a fix rate mortgage or bargain for an adjustable one. As Zvi B. (May 2007) observed, the theory not only concerns families, but government policy makers and firms that provide life circle serves, and even educator who help counsel   the public to make informed choices. LIFE CIRCLE THEORY AND AGGREGATE SAVING IN AN ECONOMY This concept of life circle theory is useful in understanding the aggregate saving in an economy. According to Hayashi, F. (2007), aggregate saving is calculated as average saving for all age brackets in the population of a particular nation. This is expected to be the same or equal to the aggregate savings in the national account. In practical terms, saving is the difference between disposable income and consumption. It therefore goes that if households are able to increase their aggregate savings they will be in a better position to save and plan well for their life circle. Floden, M. (Date not available) defines aggregate saving in a general equilibrium model in an economy, as a situation, â€Å"Where infinitely lived households face volatile income paths, holds a risk-free asset, and face a liquidity constraints†. In any economy, when individual income, or organizational income varies, or differs, then the aggregate equilibrium capital will be larger than when it is constant. He posits further that when income is stochastic, the equilibrium capital stock is always larger than when it is constant. National savings largely depends on the rate of growth and development of national income. However, the purpose of life circle theory is not to provide clear cut answers, instead it is to give a framework for individuals, policy makers and financial planners to provide solutions to the questions posed- as indicated above. The huge variation in household income and in the aggregate savings in the economy will determine how planners (as well as families) will fine tune their advise to suit whatever purpose they want to serve. DEFINITION OF INCOME. The Wikipedia gave various definitions of income, but basically, income, defined in general terms, is the money that is received as a result of normal business activities of an individual; or money received from employment by way of employment by way of salary, wages, tips, as well as profits, dividends from financial investments, as interests, capital gains, or other sources as in social security or premiums. Income also is the money received from labor, services rendered, sale of property or goods or from investment made. There are diverse elaborate definitions of income, but we shall make do with the above definition for the purpose of this paper. PERMANENT INCOME AND LIFE CIRCLE MODELS. In the view of Roberts, S. (date not available), this is a situation where people base their consumption on what they believe to be their regular income. So, they try to maintain a fairly constant and stable standard of living, even though their earnings may vary either on monthly or yearly basis. This happens in a way that their spending pattern are fairly constant irrespective of increases or decreases in their earned income. This hypothesis was developed by Milton   Friedman in 1957. If people perceive that a change in income is temporary, their spending may not change, but if they observe it is permanent, it may vary slightly on the average. DEMOCRAPHIC FUNDAMENTALS   AND FLOW OF SAVING The demographic fundamentals as it relates to flow of savings in life circle theory is based on the premise that young people borrow money, they middle aged class save their money, while the old people (elderly) run down or spend their savings.   Consequently, a nation with large population of middle age will have high savings, especially as people prepare to retire. Concerning the relationship between the demographic fundamentals and the bond marker, when the savings supply is high as a result of the high population of the middle age savings, the price of stocks and bonds falls. Also, when the supply is low, yield equally increases. INTEREST RATE EFFECT ON SAVING AND LIFE CIRCLE MODEL. Naturally, interest rate, which is the rate of the fee paid on borrowed asset, would always adjust to level up with investment and savings. Increase in interest rate affects how much income left for consumption. If the interest rate is increased it means less money for consumption and investment, whereas, it is increased there will be likelihood of slight increase or constant level of consumption and investment. It goes therefore to say that a rise in saving would bring about a fall in interest rate, thereby encouraging investment. Inn life circle theory, the lower the interest rate, the more likely consumption will increase, as well as investment. Both in individuals as well as institutions. According to an extensive review by Modigliani, FF Albert, A. (March 2005), in a world congress of the Economic Society in Barcelona in 1990. In trying to assert a comprehensive and standard evidence on saving and growth in a developing economy, he said that, â€Å"Both growth and demographic structures are powerful predictors of national saving, with little or no role for the level of national income†. WEALTH EFFECT ON LIFE CIRCLE MODEL The level of wealth in an economy bears a simple relation to the length of the retirement span, which is the middle age, the very class that saves money the most. It is also true to say that the consumption of a household is also dependent solely on the present value of their lifetime income. For example, if two investors separately have the same total wealth (monetary wealth) working life, and are equally expectant of some sources of income in their remaining working life, their consumption decisions will be similar or same, not minding their income profile. REEFERENCE 1. Albert, A. Modighiani, F, (March 2005). The Life Circle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implication and Tests. American Economic Review. 53 (1) 55-84. Angus Deaton. â€Å"Research Programme in Development Studies and Center for Health and Wellbeing. Princeton University. www.princeton.edu/ 2. Floden, M.www.ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/hastef/0591.html 3. Hayashi, F. (2007) Understanding Savings: Evidence from the United States and Japan. MA. MIT Press, 55 Haywad Press. Page 305. ISBN-10: 0-262-08255-1 4. Zvi, B. Jonathan T. Willen P. (2004). The Theory of Life- Circle Saving and Investment. Public Policy Discussion Paper. No. 07-3 5. Zvi B. (May 2007) 6. www.wikipedia.com 7.Robert S. Permanent-Income hypothesis,   published in www.wikipedia.org How to cite Life circle theory of saving, Essay examples

In the novel The Outsider Essay Example For Students

In the novel The Outsider Essay This included very finely detailed background information on her father (22), mother (22) and brother (23). Throughout the book, Katharina is judged by many aspects of her past like the fact that her father was communist in disguise (37). This part of the interrogation takes from 11:00 am to 12:30 pm and 1:30 pm to 5:45 pm, so nearly six hours. This is a long time for such a simple interrogation of her crime. The police could have gotten the same information in about an hour, but they prolonged (29) the interrogation to make themselves look good in the press. The prosecutors also asked her questions about the day she met Gotten when they already knew all the information because she was under police observation (17). Other unnecessary details are brought up such as Katharina driving around a lot, this is completely unrelated and the police are the real criminals because they are abusing her rights by priding into her personal life that is not related to the crime. The biggest mistake made by the police is trying to change Katherinas words during the interrogation. For example changing the word from being amorous to making advances. In a democratic society, exact testimony is recorded because one word can make the difference between guilty and innocent. Throughout the interrogation, Katherina is treated unfairly and the reasons behind this unfairness are completely unjustified as it is in The Outsider. More time is spent on the characters of each person rather than the alleged crimes. By showing the wrongful interrogation of Meursault in The Outsider, the author portrayed a judgmental society in which if you are not accepted, than you are considered an outsider (cover page). The examining magistrate gives up on helping Meursault because he does not believe in God (67). All man (68) believe in God, according to him, and if one does not, than one is considered to have a hardened soul (69). The law is made to make a fair society that serves justice to everyone. This is proven to be false in this novel through satirizing the courts, the investigation, the interrogation and jails. The unjust interrogation shows the audience t hat Algerian society judge based on personality rather than finding the facts to give a fair discipline the guilty instead of punishing the innocent. In this book, the law is everything but fair for it can be argued that Meursaults interrogation, prosecution and punishment were all based on fiction because it could have easily been a case of self defense. Boll shows the readers that Katharina is completely humiliated and wrongfully interrogated in every way possible. This portrays the fact that the law does not always go by the real facts and evidence because it is easily influenced by the thoughts and the judgment of those upholding the law. He also portrays that society is quick to judge ones personality by relating it to an alleged crime or by someones past or personality. The author shows that the suspected criminals life is destroy (41) for every detail (28) of their personality is put to the test rather than their innocence. Many unrelated articles (45) belonging to Katharina are confiscated (45) like three bunches of keys (52). Most of the evidence taken is not at all related to the crime for they do not prove anything. This also shows that, in different parts of society like the press and the police, some people try to make themselves look good by making other look bad. Many accusations and assumptions are made to explain evidence that they refuse (36) to understand due to the fact that one lives life differently, like working too hard or may have a gentlemen visitor (31) so they try to single one out and destroy ones life. In both novels The Outsider by Albert Camus and The Lost Honor of Katherina Blum by Heinrich Boll, the main characters are unfairly interrogated because they are judged by their way of life rather than the alleged crime. .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .postImageUrl , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:hover , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:visited , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:active { border:0!important; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:active , .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26 .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube353f9ab9e5d18a8735041d32a0ab26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cider House Rules EssayBoth authors portray this to tell the readers that society, represented by the law, is unfair and judgmental. Many times fact and fiction are confused and the wrong people are punished. Nothing is true; everything is permitted. -Nietzsche Please note that the quotes used are from the corresponding books each paragraph talks aboutShow preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate World Literature section.

Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation

The issue of treating animals as equal to humans is one of the most controversial questions related to ethics and morality. Scientists use animals in experiments because this practice can contribute significantly to improving the quality of the people’s life and to developing lifesaving therapies. However, the people’s opinions on the ethical context of the issue are rather different. From this point, animal experimentation cannot be discussed only from one perspective, and the evaluation of different visions is necessary.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In spite of the fact that it is possible to find the arguments to support the idea of using animals in experiments, animal experimentation cannot be discussed as the ethical procedure because animals have the right to avoid sufferings as any other creatures without references to the idea that humans’ interests in the case are of the higher priority. Those animals which are used in experiments have to feel pain and suffer for the benefit of humanity because this procedure is important for scientists to find the new ways of overcoming certain diseases and health problems. Nevertheless, people do not have ethical rights to cause animals’ sufferings in order to satisfy their needs. Animals also have definite needs, and their rights should be taken into account. It is stated that animals can feel pain and pleasure as well as humans. Thus, using animals in experiments, people work to affect animals’ sufferings, and they become feeling pain. Although it is inappropriate to treat animals and people equally, it is important to pay attention to the fact that people are more persistent while discussing the problem of pain and sufferings in relation to humans. As a result, the consequences of false morality are observed, and thousands of animal s are used in experiments because they are discussed as belonging to the lower species. Furthermore, it is also immoral to distinguish between animals according to their species, size, and abilities because all of them belong to living creatures who can suffer as humans do. A man has achieved significant results in developing technologies and science. Today, it is possible to find the relevant methods to assess medicines and procedures or to learn the necessary information on diseases without involving animals in experiments which can be harmful for them. If this problem was more controversial decades ago because of the level of the scientific progress, nowadays this question is more associated with the aspects of morality and ethical treatment of animals. The reasons to discuss the experience of animal experimentation as immoral are connected with the idea that animals live not to satisfy the people’s needs, but to respond to their own needs which can seem insignificant for people.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that people can see animals’ needs and interests as insignificant, humans cannot reject the fact that animals are born to live a pleasant and painless life as any other living creature. While using animals in experiments, people become torturers for those creatures who cannot protect themselves from the stronger humans. Focusing on the idea that animals feel pleasure and pain as people do, it is important to discuss the ethical issue of using animals in experiments from the Utilitarian perspective. Utilitarianism is based on the idea that the action can be discussed as moral only after evaluating its consequences for the humanity because of the focus on the greatest happiness. Two main concepts operated by the Utilitarian philosophers are pleasure and pain. Thus, people should concentrate on actions which result in pleas ure and happiness for many people, and they should avoid those actions which can result in pain. These actions are considered as immoral in their nature. Answering the discussed questions from the Utilitarian perspective, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the classical vision of Utilitarianism differs from modern interpretations of this theory. Thus, following the discussions by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, it is possible to conclude that the usage of animals in experiments has the positive and moral consequences for the mankind as well as the use of animals for clothing and food. The goal of greater happiness can be easily achieved, if these experiments contribute to relieving the people’s pain and sufferings. However, Peter Singer concentrates on the fact that in their interests and needs animals are close to people regarding their rights to be protected from pain. Causing pain and sufferings during the experiments, people act immorally because impor tant purposes cannot justify the acts of discrimination directed toward animals because of their species. Thus, having chosen the Utilitarian approach to discussion of the issue, it is necessary to pay attention to rather opposite opinions of the classical and modern Utilitarian philosophers on the problem. The variety of interpretations can be discussed as the weakness of the approach. Nevertheless, people can agree that concentrating on the greater happiness as the positive consequence which can justify people’s actions, it is also significant to take into consideration the interests of animals as living creatures in relation to the process. In this case, the universal happiness proclaimed by the Utilitarian philosophers can be achieved completely.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation was written and submitted by user Athena Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Venustiano Carranza, Revolutionary President of Mexico

Venustiano Carranza, Revolutionary President of Mexico Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859–May 21, 1920) was a Mexican politician, warlord, and general. Before the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) he served as mayor of Cuatro Cià ©negas and as a congressman and senator. When the Revolution broke out, he initially allied himself with Francisco Maderos faction and independently raised his own army when Madero was assassinated. Carranza was president of Mexico from 1917–1920 but was unable to keep a lid on the chaos that had plagued his country since 1910. He was assassinated in Tlaxcalantongo in 1920 by troops led by General Rodolfo Herrero. Fast Facts: Venustiano Carranza Known For: Revolutionary leader and president of MexicoBorn: December 29, 1859 in Cuatro Cià ©negas, MexicoParents: Jesà ºs Carranza, mother unknownDied: May 21, 1920 in Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla, MexicoEducation: Ateneo Fuente, Escuela Nacional PreparatoriaSpouse(s): Virginia Salinas, Ernestina HernndezChildren: Rafael Carranza Hernndez, Leopoldo Carranza Salinas, Virginia Carranza, Jesà ºs Carranza Hernndez, Venustiano Carranza Hernndez Early Life Carranza was born into an upper-middle-class family in Cuatro Cià ©negas in the state of Coahuila on December 29, 1859. His father had been an officer in the army of Benito Jurez in the turbulent 1860s. This connection to Jurez would have a profound influence on Carranza, who idolized him. The Carranza family had money, and Venustiano was sent to excellent schools in Saltillo and Mexico City. He returned to Coahuila and dedicated himself to the family ranching business. Entry Into Politics The Carranzas had high ambitions, and with the backing of family money, Venustiano was elected mayor of his hometown. In 1893, he and his brothers rebelled against the rule of Coahuila Governor Josà © Marà ­a Garza, a crooked crony of President Porfirio Dà ­az. They were powerful enough to secure the nomination of a different governor. Carranza made some friends in high places in the process, including Bernardo Reyes, an important friend of Dà ­az. Carranza rose politically, becoming a congressman and senator. By 1908, it was widely assumed he would be the next governor of Coahuila. Personality Carranza was a tall man, standing a full 6-foot-4, and he looked very impressive with his long white beard and glasses. He was intelligent and stubborn but had very little charisma. A dour man, his lack of sense of humor was legendary. He was not the sort to inspire great loyalty, and his success in the revolution was mainly due to his ability to portray himself as a wise, stern patriarch who was the nations best hope for peace. His inability to compromise led to several severe setbacks. Although he was personally honest, he seemed indifferent to corruption in those who surrounded him. Carranza, Dà ­az, and Madero Carranza was not confirmed as governor by Dà ­az and he joined the movement of Francisco Madero, who had called for rebellion after the fraudulent 1910 election. Carranza did not contribute much to Maderos rebellion but was rewarded with the post of minister of war in Maderos cabinet, which infuriated revolutionaries such as Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco. Carranzas union with Madero was always tenuous, as Carranza was not a true believer in reform and he felt that a firmer hand (preferably his) was needed to rule Mexico. Madero and Huerta In 1913, Madero was betrayed and assassinated by one of his generals, a relic from the Dà ­az years named Victoriano Huerta. Huerta made himself president and Carranza rebelled. He drafted a Constitution that he named the Plan of Guadalupe and took to the field with a growing army. Carranzas small force largely sat out the early part of the revolt against Huerta. He formed an uneasy alliance with Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregà ³n, an engineer and farmer who raised an army in Sonora. United only by their hatred of Huerta, they turned on one another when their combined forces deposed him in 1914. Carranza Takes Charge Carranza had set up a government with himself as the head. This government printed money, passed laws, etc. When Huerta fell, Carranza (supported by Obregà ³n) was the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum. Hostilities with Villa and Zapata broke out almost immediately. Although Villa had a more formidable army, Obregà ³n was the better tactician and Carranza was able to portray Villa as a sociopathic bandit in the press. Carranza also held Mexicos two main ports and, therefore, was collecting more revenue than Villa. By the end of 1915, Villa was on the run and the United States government recognized Carranza as Mexicos leader. Carranza vs. Obregà ³n With Villa and Zapata out of the picture, Carranza was officially elected president in 1917. He brought very little change, however, and those who truly wanted to see a new, more liberal Mexico after the revolution were disappointed. Obregà ³n retired to his ranch, although the fighting continued- particularly against Zapata in the south. In 1919, Obregà ³n decided to run for president. Carranza attempted to crush his former ally, as he already had his handpicked successor in Ignacio Bonillas. Obregà ³ns supporters were repressed and killed and Obregà ³n himself decided that Carranza would never leave office peacefully. Death Obregà ³n brought his army to Mexico City, driving Carranza and his supporters out. Carranza headed to Veracruz to regroup, but the trains were attacked and he was forced to abandon them and go overland. He was received in the mountains by local chieftain Rodolfo Herrera, whose men opened fire on a sleeping Carranza late at night on May 21, 1920, killing him and his top advisors and supporters. Herrera was put on trial by Obregà ³n, but it was clear that no one missed Carranza: Herrera was acquitted. Legacy The ambitious Carranza made himself one of the most important figures in the Mexican Revolution because he truly believed that he knew what was best for the country. He was a planner and organizer and succeeded through clever politicking, whereas others relied on strength of arms. His defenders point out that he brought some stability to the country and provided a focus for the movement to remove the usurper Huerta. He made many mistakes, however. During the fight against Huerta, he was the first to declare that those who opposed him would be executed, as he considered his to be the only legitimate government in the land after the death of Madero. Other commanders followed suit, and the result was the death of thousands who might have been spared. His unfriendly, rigid nature made it difficult for him to retain his hold on power, especially when some of the alternative leaders, such as Villa and Obregà ³n, were much more charismatic. Today, Carranza is remembered as one of the â€Å"Big Four† of the Mexican Revolution, along with Zapata, Villa, and Obregà ³n. Although for most of the time between 1915 and 1920 he was more powerful than any of them, he is today probably the least remembered of the four. Historians point out Obregà ³ns tactical brilliance and rise to power in the 1920s, Villas legendary bravery, flair, style and leadership, and Zapatas unwavering idealism and vision. Carranza had none of these. Still, it was during his watch that the Mexican Constitution still used today was ratified and he was by far the lesser of two evils when compared to the man he replaced, Victoriano Huerta. He is remembered in the songs and legends of the north (although primarily as the butt of Villas jokes and pranks) and his place in the history of Mexico is secure. Sources Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Venustiano Carranza.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

Organization development and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organization development and change - Essay Example Also the change management framework should be easy to implement and also cost effective. In order to implement changes in the organization the business leaders go for the introduction of various approaches like; Organizational Development (OD), Total Quality Management (TQM) and the Business Process Reengineering (BPR). The focus of this paper is to study the criteria’s required, for the successful implementation of OD in an organization, in order to bring about the desired Organizational changes. Some four decades ago, there emerged a new approach to organizational change, which came to be known as Organizational Development (OD). This concept considers organizational performance as a sum total of all the individual performances. OD is concerned with an approach towards change which looks forward to improve the performance of the organization by improving the performance of the people working in them. Individuals working in an organization are generally found to be the members of various groups. These groups range from the formal groups in their own departments to the informal friends groups. These groups are constantly interacting with each other and in many cases have been found to be interdependent and having significant role in the determination of organizational culture. The consultant or the change agent tries to use these groups so as to influence the organization culture for infusing the desired changes in the organization. The OD practitioners teach the leaders as w ell as the members such skills which enable the organization to solve its own problems. (Miller, 1999). The focus of the OD practitioners has always been to focus on the gap between the position where, the organization is currently functioning and the position where it wishes to reach. Laboratory Training: This began when Kurt Lewin was conducting a work shop on group dynamics at MIT. At the end of each day of the work shop the researchers used to discuss the

A critical reading of Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Term Paper

A critical reading of Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - Term Paper Example Opponents fail to realize that given any medium or structure black writers follow, they would still be criticized. The pleas of black womens suppression have time and again been negated because of its non-appealing ideology - freedom for women of a colored race and letting them be at par with white society intellectually. Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl should be considered a monumental work in black women’s emancipation because it juxtaposed literacy as the key to freedom during an age of slavery and degradation of basic human rights. Social discourse often begins with people concerned with an issue, and wants it to be understood by the society. If it is of interests to the society, it would be forwarded and reformed. Such transformations pervade hierarchical power relations, race, gender, economic status and social construct because the society desires it. Jacobs narrative Incident has been one such discourse which demonstrated that her society was one in which "white men" compelled slaves to live base dishonorable lives under the guise of the Fugitive Slave Law and indulged in the vilest act to exploit slaves as would bloodhounds (Jacobs 69). Basic social norms of today were unheard of during Jacobs time. A slaves child was born a slave (Jacobs 11). She was the property (and not a human being) of her master regardless of the relations she had with her family. A slave did not have the right to bond with her family. This was evidenced in Jacobs words about her father who was a carpenter: "His strongest wish was t o purchase his children; but, though he several times offered his hard earnings for that purpose, he never succeeded." (Jacobs 11). There was nothing novel in Jacobs experience if compared to other slaves in the country during the Revolutionary War time. But her experience did make a difference because Jacobs was fortunate to be raised, educated

The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo - Essay Example This was a celebrated and popular technique employed mostly by the Venetian School. The employment of this technique is palpable in the painting through the use of color richly especially in the room of Mary. The use of soft tonalism is also present in the painting through the light that illuminates her chamber during the morning depicted in the painting (Zirpolo, 23). The painting is rich in shade, and use of bright colors is evident. This technique is appropriate in the message it was depicting since it creates an atmosphere of life and joy that characterized the actual event in the bible. The artist uses the Venetian style brilliantly to this effect through the incorporation of color and light to show the mystery of religion in art. His technique causes the viewers to reflect on the painting since it looks to have an inner meaning, which the viewer tries to decipher. The use of this technique enabled the painter to put elaborate details on the painting. This is evident in the pain ting through the appearance of Mary’s room, and the landscape on the background. The characters faces exhibit the use of silhouettes with both Mary and the angel’s faces are illuminated by the artist’s use of light. The painting was fabricated during a period where Venice was at its peak as a European trade center. This facilitated for the development of art in the city, and one of the notable contributions was the creation of the Venetian School. During the Renaissance eon in Europe, each School was distinguished using its own peerless style that was studied to excellence by the artists (Bourdua and Dunlop, 37). The Venetian style, evident in the painting, was distinct through its style in the use of color and lighting techniques that made its paintings unique. The School also employed the use of the oil medium to perfection through the mastery of its use. This School was also characterized by the interweaving of the Byzantine styles and Gothic influences. This involved the use of rich color creating a festive feel in the paintings. The development of the painting during this period also saw it assume some Renaissance inclinations, which were bolstered by the permeation of Florentine influences, in that the style had extended towards Padua (Duby and Lobrichon, 57). Religion was a key element in the art during this eon. Most of the issues that the artists painted about were influenced significantly by religion. This is evident where the painters depict an event in the bible. This is because life during the period was heavily inclined to religion, and the church had a foothold on the art in the period. The great painters of the time used the pretext of religion to describe the daily life of the inhabitants of Venice. Nevertheless, the School was affected adversely with the diminishing of the position of the city as a business hub. The church also was key in the ebbing of Venetian art, with the feudalism employed by the church during this pe riod (Dubyand Lobrichon, p68). This decline saw titian, one of the great painters at the time, show sighs of crisis in his work in that there was a presence of psychological conflicts in his work. This was because of the different influences dominant at the time and their conflicting interests. The School of Venice boasts some of the greats in the art world during the Renaissance period. The esteemed list boasts of names like Titian, Michelangelo and many more. This shows the

The History Of Down Syndrome Social Work Essay

The History Of Down Syndrome Social Work Essay This paper looks at the various theories that explain social interactions within the society, such as the gaze model. Other theories are the social model, the medical model and the stigma theory. These theories provide guidance into understanding the various interactions between the disabled and normal individuals within the community. Another name for the Down syndrome phenomenon is trisomy 21. This condition occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome number 21 in the body system of an individual. Shildrick (2009) denotes that this condition causes a change in the body make of a child, and this leads to facial disfigurement. This article takes a closer look at the impact of the Down syndrome phenomenon. It analyzes the issues that affect the social construction of people with disabilities, and in this case, children with the Down syndrome phenomenon. This paper analyzes a variety of theoretical frameworks that explain the behavior of people in regard to the disabled. It synthesis these theories, into various ideologies of inclusion, and helps in answering the question on whether children whose face are disfigured due to the Down syndrome condition are included in the affairs of the society. This paper defines, and critically examines issues surrounding the social constructions of the disabled. Amongst the issues identified are, social identity, facial disfigurement, disability and the notion of the Down syndrome. DePoy et al (2011) denotes that facial disfigurement occurs when the face of a child takes another form, which is against the normal. It changes the appearance of a person, and the condition has a direct influence on an individuals perception in the society. Social identity refers to the attitude, or perception that a group in the society, views another person or themselves. Social identity emanates from an individual self-conception. DePoy et al further denotes that this perception of self, results to an individual placing him or herself to a specific social group (2011). John Turner and Henri Tajfel developed the theory of social identity, and they did this after studying the behavior of the society towards the disabled people (Tajfel, 1982). The theory denotes that social identity is a process that provides guidance on how people behave, within a group or in relation to others. Frances (2004) observes that people within a social group interact by looking at their status in the society. Frances further denotes that the rich tend to interact with the rich, and the disabled tend to interact with the disabled (2004). Their condition in the society gives them the legitimacy to belong to a particular group. According to the social identity theory, the social environment forces the disabled to withdraw from the various social activities within the community (Frances, 2004). This is because of stigma and discrimination. For instance, children with facial disfigurements will be unable to engage effectively with their peers, either in games or classes. DePoy et al (2011) observes that this is because of the various social groups formed within the society, and these children are unable to fit amongst them. Selikowitz (1997) denotes that disability arises out of the emotional, physical or mental impairment of an individuals body condition. Facial disfigurement amongst children with the Down syndrome phenomenon is an example of a physical disability. Selikowitz further denotes that Down syndrome is the main cause of disability amongst children (1997). Pueschel (2006) observes that during the 20th century, children with the element of the Down syndrome were housed in special institutions, and special houses. This is because of the various discriminative policies followed by the government or the society. This had an impact on their exclusion in the society. This changed in the 1960s with the emergence of the Civil rights movements, whose purpose was to advocate for the rights of children with the Down syndrome condition. To rectify this problem in United States of America, Kathryn McGee formed the National Association of Down Syndrome (Marini et al, 2012). The main goal of the institution was to advocate for the various rights of children with the Down syndrome problem, and ensure their inclusion in the society (Marini et al, 2012). The formation of these associations is an element of the social model theory. The theory denotes that problems that arise out of the disability of an individual are created by the society. The society is characterized by the presence of social groups, which enhance the notion of self-identity. To help disfigured children, it is essential to use social mechanisms such as peer groups, and civil associations to advocate for the rights of the disabled. The surrounding community must initiate environmental procedures that will protect children suffering from the Down syndrome condition. This will ensure their participation in all events of their social lives, minimizing the rate of stigma and discrimination that these children suffer from. This theory makes it possible for a change in the perception of the society towards these children. These changes occur in the cultural beliefs, and ideological perceptions. Davis (2006) denotes that the theory recognizes the specific rights of disabled children, and advocates for various measures that will ensure these children are well protected, and included within the society. Lansdown (1997) denotes that the social model theory advocates for the abolishment of negative stereotyping. It does this through lobbying and holding sensitization conferences to educate people on the various misconceptions about the disabled children. By doing this, they aim to influence their inclusion in the various social affairs of the community. However, medical model theorists argue that disability arises out of the medical malfunctioning of an individuals body. To these theorists, the facial disfigurement of a child is a medical problem, and it requires a medical solution. The medical theorists advocate for surgery, and psychological treatment to improve the facial conditions of these children. The theory lobbys for a health care policy that will address issues that arise because of problems faced by children whose faces are disfigured due to the Down syndrome condition (Marinelli et al, 1991). A good example of such a policy is the American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists guidance on the procedures of screening pregnant women. This is to identify whether the children they carry will suffer from the Down syndrome condition. According to this model, for children with abnormal facial characteristics to participate effectively in the social environment, they must undergo surgery. This will correct their facial defects. Mojo et al, (2010) denotes that surgery plays an important role in reducing the facial features of a child with the Down syndrome condition. He further denotes that this leads to a reduction in discrimination, and social stigma because their faces are corrected to the normal (Mojo et al, 2010). The use of plastic surgery to correct the facial condition of disabled children is controversial. The European Down Syndrome society advocates against its use. According to the society, children with the Down syndrome condition must find acceptance in the society despite their abnormality. In as much as surgery is important, it is essential to enact social policies that will make these children gain acceptance in the society. This is because not every people can afford to the high costs associated wit h surgery. On this note, it is a moral responsibility for the society to implement measures that will lead to the inclusion of the disabled in the society. This includes enacting policies that will ensure they get better and quality education that compare to their peers. The policies should create special sports and recreational facilities whose main objective is to enable these children to participate in the various social activities of the society. The European Down syndrome society denotes that through surgery, the medical institutions accelerate discrimination and the stigma that these children suffer from. Bluhm et al (2009) denotes that these children will became aware of their medical problems, and this will result to their withdrawal from the community. On this note, instead of accelerating the inclusion of these people into the society, surgery has made them to suffer exclusion. Stigma is an issue that arises in this article. Stigma is a disapproval or discontentment of an individual by observing the various characteristics upon the person that makes them different from other members of the society. Stigma emanates from the opinions of other people towards people with disability, and these opinions can either be right or wrong. By critically analyzing the medical model, children with facial disfigurement suffer from stigma. Rennie (2001) denotes that this is the reason as to why the medical model advocates for surgery, in order to correct their facial conditions. Correcting their conditions will make them integrate within the community, and rectify their low self-esteem. They will manage to involve themselves in various social activities, and these results to their inclusion in the society. According to Erving Goffman, stigma is a behavior and reaction of people, towards another person who does not possess the same identity as theirs. Erving Goffman denotes that there are three different kinds of social stigma, and he names them as (Tremain, 2005); Deviation that occurs due to an individuals behavior, such as alcohol addiction and drug use. Stigma arising from negative ethnicity, and stereotyping. This may either emanate from religion, and or cultural influences. Stigma may arise out of medical conditions that cause external deformations. In this category are people suffering from the Down syndrome phenomenon. Due to stigma, children suffering from the Down syndrome phenomenon are unable to interact freely within the society. This is because of the facial disfigurements, which cause their peers to view them as outsiders. Due to stigma, the notion of negative labeling arises. It creates a sense of us vs. them; as a result, these children cannot fully interact within the society. Their condition makes it impossible for the society to fully accept them, and include them in all aspects of their affairs. These activities can either be social, political, religious or even economic. Tremain (2005) denotes that the gaze theory depicts these children as either worthy or unworthy of societal support. These supports may take the form of home care treatments, special privileges such as the enactment of affirmative actions in employment and school facilities, etc. The gaze theory measures the ability of children with facial disfigurements by their level of interaction in the society (Tremain, 2005). After measuring the abilities of individuals with the Down syndrome problem, the gaze theory then offers a solution to their problems. This solution is based on the acceptance of a disabled person that he or she is unable to survive without the assistance of the community (Mojo et al, 2010). Tremain (2005) observes that when a disabled person insists on his ability to conduct his own affairs, the society leaves him alone. Tremain further denotes that these people will struggle to get the services they are entitled to, because of discrimination and stigma arising out of their refusal to give some of their rights for purposes of gaining acceptance (2005). Bluhm et al denotes that this situation leads to the exclusion of the concerned disabled person in the social affairs of the community (2009). Gaze theory can also refer to the manner in which an individual looks at images of a person, in a visual medium, and thereafter make a comparison to the same individual on a visual text. Under the gaze theory, there are social codes that regulate the way in which a person ought to look like (Bluhm et al, 2009). These codes are strictly regulated by culture. For instance, if a person avoids another persons gaze, it might reflect a sign of nervousness, fear or lack of confidence. Children whose faces are disfigured cannot properly maintain a gaze (Bluhm et al, 2009). The society looks at them as weaklings, and individuals who lack self-esteem and confidence. Basing on this, they are unable to interact fully within a society, and this affects their inclusion in the affairs of the society. Despite these challenges faced by people with the Down syndrome condition, there are a number of renowned persons who have defied stigma, and discrimination to make it in the society. Most of them are in the media, and particularly in the movie industry. An example is Andrea Friedman and Paula Sage. Paula Sage is a Scottish actress who won fame for her role in the movie After life. She won the BAFTA awards, as the best female actress of the season 2003 (Kulesz, 2011). She also won the title of the best actress in 2004 during the Bratislava International film festival. Andrea Friedman is also an actress, and has starred in movies such as Life Goes On; and the television series known as Family Guy. In 1996, Stephen Ginnz was the first actor with a Down syndrome problem to lead a motion picture production. As a result of this, Stephen Ginnz won numerous awards, among them includes, the Wasserman award for the best cinematography, the Warner Bros picture best film award, and the Martin Scorsese best film award. Stephen won all this awards in 1996 (Kulesz, 2011). Another actor is Tommy Jessop, who starred in the BBC drama known as Coming Down the Mountain. In 2008, Tommy won the Radar people of the year, human rights media award. He has also appeared in Holby city, Casualty, Doctors and Monroe. All this are British television series programs. In 2010, Tommy starred in the BBC television program, the Stone. Another notable figure is Pablo Pineda. He is a Spanish actor, who starred in the film, Yo Tambien (Kulesz, 2011). In the film, he takes the role of a university graduate, with the Down syndrome condition. Due to his role in the film, Pineda won the 2009 Silver Shell award. Thes e actors won these awards because of the recognition of their talents by their various viewers. This recognition denotes no matter how disable a person is, with talent, and hard work, he will gain acceptance within the society. To conclude on this paper, children with the Down syndrome condition face a lot of stigma and discrimination in the societal set up. Their peers view them as outsiders, as a result of this; they are unable to effectively participate in the various activities that their fellow children engage in. This leads to an element of exclusion, and not inclusion. Things are changing in the current century. Movements such as the European Down Syndrome association have emerged, and their main objective is to sensitize people on the various misconceptions they have regarding children with the Down syndrome phenomenon. PERSONAL REFLECTION ON DISABILITY THAT ARIZES FROM THE DOWN SYNDROME CONDITION: The notion that people who are disable cannot make it in society is false. These people are human beings, and need to live a normal life, just like normal people, who do not possess any form of malfunctioning in their body system. To help this people lead a normal life, it is important for the government and the society to work hand in hand in ensuring that the disabled manage to acquire social services, such as education, health services, etc. It is the discriminative tendencies, and the stigma that the society faces that make these children to feel as if they are no longer needed in the society. It is important for the government to enact policies that are effective in tackling the mentioned problems. On this note, to help these children feel as if they are part of the society, the government and all social groups in the community must work hand in hand for purposes of making life better for these children.

History and Identity :: essays research papers

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Thesis: Knowing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history can change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlook on life through understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. I. Having relationships is a great outlet for helping find oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships between parent and child. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships between siblings. II. Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and identity. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having love for oneself is a way for understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having love for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family shows that one has love for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and family values. III. Of all ways one can understand oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity and history, knowing about the generations in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family provides understanding. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The knowledge obtain from generations in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family, brings understanding about oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and family values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 What is it about life that is important? Many might say sex is important in life, others may say that having fun is what life is all about, few may say that is it knowing where one has come from. All of these thought may be right but in most cases what one knows about ones history make one a stronger person. Alice Walkerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s short story, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyday Use,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? shows just how important it is for one to know about oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. Knowing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history can change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlook on life through finding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. In order to understand oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history it is important to have family values, which teaches the importance of relationships, love, and generation wisdom. Having relationships is a great outlet for helping find oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. A relationship between parent and child teaches respect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hands dumped them into Maggieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lap (70).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Not only do relationships teach one about respect it also teaches discipline. Having discipline makes one have a better character, it able one to become more in touch with oneself and oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. Relationship amongst siblings is also a way of finding and understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. This relationship shows one how to care for someone. If the relationship among sibling is not strong than it will divide a family and stray away from family values. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maggie canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t appreciate these quilts, sheà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d probably be backward enough t o put them to everyday use (70).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? These quotes are prime examples of relationship. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 also shows the importance in knowing and having relationships in order to understand oneself. Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and identity.

Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay

Thailand has late experienced an economic over growing that has been coupled with rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. This growing has every bit anticipated, caused a important debasement in the huge natural home grounds and resources of this state. Furthermore, natural catastrophes have raised serious concern in the vicinity. With the increasing consciousness of planetary clime alteration and natural catastrophes in the developed universe, environmental protection and energy sustainability have emerged as issues of turning importance. Companies across all sectors try to develop merchandises and patterns with a minimized environmental load, in order to take portion in â€Å" socially responsible † patterns, and to set up their presence as innovators in the freshly formed niche of consumers with ecological concerns. This is besides true for the Healthcare and Tourism industry, where concerns frequently rely on the unity and sustainability of the environment. However, while a figure of surveies exist for the touristry sector, there has been done about no research on green patterns in the infirmary industry. It is gratuitous to state that there is a high demand for infirmaries to prosecute in green patterns due to the big sum of waste generated but besides the theoretic behind the built-in committedness to a balanced coexistence of the patient with his environment in order to prolong a high degree of quality of life and public wellness. Furthermore, infirmaries that exhibit strong involvement in environmental issues and actively take part in eco-friendly patterns have the possible to distinct themselves from other concerns, therefore making a important competitory advantage. There are no surveies up to day of the month that have measured the consumer attitudes towards green pattern in infirmaries nor their willingness to pay, should an environmental policy in healthcare direction is to take topographic point. Aims The intent of this survey is twofold: to research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries, and to foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries. The proposed research and rating survey will take at placing the consequence of different socio demographic features on the bing likeliness to take â€Å" green † health care, but will besides analyze the influence of attitudes, subjective norm and sensed behavioural control on the consumers ‘ purpose to see such infirmaries. Consumers who originate from public sector infirmaries will besides be compared against those from private attention. Methods Ajzens ( 1985 ) Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as a theoretical foundation to analyze the above planned outcomes. Data will be collected with the aid of a structured study questionnaire. The survey sample is anticipated to be ~500 and it will be provided by bing clients of take parting infirmaries. The study will be conducted in the waiting suites of the participating infirmaries, which will be both private attention and public attention infirmaries in Thailand. Assuming that the population of Thailand is M and that M will see a infirmary at one point in their life-time, the survey sample will be divided among the private and public wellness sector. Hence with 250 at each side, the survey sample has been calculated to observe % of a one criterion divergence difference, with a power of 85 per centum and a significance degree of 5 % . This differentiation is made in order to avoid a systematic choice prejudice in the survey sample, since patients of the private sector are more likely to hold a higher socioeconomic degree and therefore either more environmentally led consciousness or a much greater willingness to pay for green tactics. In order to stratify the survey population samples, descriptive statistics will be employed and multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts will be used to analyse the study instrument ‘s consequences. Use of findings The analyses are anticipated to uncover the true figure of consumers that perceive the country of ‘green infirmaries ‘ as of import. The analytical description of the factors underlying their behaviour will besides be provided and comparings will be made between consumers arising from different wellness backgrounds. It is besides anticipated that the willingness to pay for green health care will be measured by the study instrument, and that this can function as a important managerial assistance in the way of the pertinence and sustainability of such theoretical accounts. Therefore, this research aims to function as an analytical and determination steering tool in the way of greener health care, based on consumer ‘s sentiments. Aim This survey will utilize informations obtained from a constructions study questionnaire directed at consumers of private and public infirmaries in Thailand to find their attitudes and behaviours towards Green Hospitals. The survey ‘s aims are: To research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries harmonizing to socio-demographic factors and arising sector of health care used at the clip of the survey. To foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries in the hereafter. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW This subdivision reviews the current relevant literature available on the current position quo of green patterns in infirmaries, hence making a background for this survey that will show the current demand for green infirmaries and the current accomplishments made or failures observed in already green health care disposals. This subdivision begins with basic background information on the first green infirmaries ‘ studies on mensural impact, patient satisfaction and organisational features and alterations observed. It incorporates a reappraisal on the consequence of green patterns at the industry degree every bit good as a elaborate reappraisal of countries that are of peculiar relevancy for the pertinence of these policies. It besides includes a reappraisal on published methods for all validated instruments directed at the measuring of consumers ‘ attitudes towards health care, their influential potency and subsequent significance to healthcare direction. This is provided to clarify the power of such an grounds based attack, where consumers ‘ sentiments are valued for the devising of managerial determinations on health care policies. This background is necessary to solidify the importance and cogency of the present survey. Finally, the theoretical background is reviewed. First the theory of planned behaviour is analyzed, which will function as a conceptual model for the mensural variables. Then hypotheses are developed, harmonizing to demographics and attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Already published information towards Green patterns in infirmaries is discussed and analyzed harmonizing to attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Green Practices in Tourism Management Research on the sustainability of tourer direction has focused on the development of environmental rules, translated as codifications of behavior or environmental policies ( United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , 1994 ; Williams, 1993 ) . The 2nd phase of the application of environmental policies as they translated into pattern has besides been achieved for the touristry industry. The ‘greening ‘ of the operational activities of certain sectors of the industry provide with first-class illustrations of this phase ( World Travel & A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Council, Earth Council, 1995 ) . Hotel sustainability plans have concentrated on waste decrease, energy preservation, and H2O preservation. More sophisticated rejuvenation plans have introduced the usage of organic nutrients, non toxic cleansing merchandises, and chemical-free plague direction techniques. Besides, emanation decrease in the transit sector has been an activity that environmental tourer policies have concentrated on. Reports on the impact appraisal of the deduction of environmental policies in touristry are nevertheless few, and those focal point on the public presentation of a limited figure of international touristry corporations ( WTTERC, 1993 ) .Hence it is hard to reassign their findings to the wide scope of concerns in the wider health care and touristry industry. Green Practices in Health Contrary to their sibling ( the touristry industry ) , it is widely perceived that infirmaries are really immune to alter, both structurally and culturally. Their constellation, normally in concrete, frequently reflects the pattern of wellness attention and patient populations of past epochs. It is said that, alteration within the infirmary involves piecing the resources needed for high-quality attention, such as optimum usage of edifices, people and equipment, and forming them in a manner that provides high-quality attention ( Healy and McKee, Chapter 10 ) . There is a broad scope of surveies that prove an aetiologic relationship between environmental maltreatment and diseases, such as dioxins and malignant neoplastic disease, pesticide and nutrient and the effects of relentless organic defilers. On the infirmary degree, toxin and mercury-containing medical devices, the broad usage of pesticides in and around infirmaries and the big sum of waste generated are all issues that stress the demand for an environmental policy in health care. It is in other words envisioned that a stiff environmental policy could even be a factor of high quality attention for hospital staff and patients. In the last 10 old ages, there has been singular advancement in waste direction from an environmental wellness position. Hospitals have been placed in the frontline for infective waste direction, decreased chemical usage, advancing usage of healthy nutrients and advancing nurse leading in environmental stewardship. Given besides the seemingly increasing trouble of run intoing turning demand for good infirmary attention, infirmary directors have turned to Green Hospitals for better results. aˆÂ ¦ † About a twelve groups began building â€Å" green † infirmaries several old ages ago, and other groups are now following their lead † the Medical-News study in 2006. Inventions include solar panels, permeable pavement stuff to filter chemicals from rainwater overflow, H2O conserving lavatories, gum elastic floors, eco-friendly systems for disposing of medical waste, latex-free scrutiny baseball mitts, and cleaners without rough chemicals and reclaimable dissolvers. Gary Cohen, executive manager of the Environmental Health Fund, said that although inventions ab initio cost more, they can cut down operating costs over clip ( Landro, Wall Street Journal, 10/4/06 ) . The Luminary Project. ( 2005 ) . Nurses illuming the manner to environmental wellness. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.TheLuminaryProject.org. National Society for Healthcare Foodservice Management. ( 2007 ) . About HFM. Retrieved April 13, 2007 from www.hfm.org/about.html Bresnitz E.A. , Beckett W. , Chan-Yeaun M, Craig, T. , Gilman, M. , Harber, P. , et Al. ( 2004 ) . Guidelines for measuring and pull offing asthma hazard at work, school, and diversion. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care. Medicine Series on-line. 169, 873-881. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/resources/documents/GuidelinesforAssessingandManagingAsthmaRisk.pdf Green R. , Hauser R. , Calafat AM, Weuve, J. , Schettlet, T, Ringer, S. et Al, ( 2005 ) . Use of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate-containing medical merchandises and urinary degrees of glandular fever ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate in neonatal intensive attention unit babies. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 ( 9 ) , 1222-1225. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.ehponline.org/members/2005/7932/7932.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2007 ) . How to be after and keep a quicksilver thermometer exchange. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/library/docs/Going_Green_How_to_Hold_a_Mercury_Thermometer_.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2006 ) . Hazards to asthma posed by indoor wellness attention environments: A usher to identifying and cut downing debatable exposures. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document & A ; ID=1315 Health Care Without Harm, News Release ( 2003 ) . New study: 100 % of reacting infirmaries use pesticides in or around installations. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document & A ; id=867. Health Care Without Harm ( n.d.a. ) Food: The issue. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/food/issue. Health Care Without Harm, ( n.d.b ) . Medical waste: The issue. Retrieved January 13, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/medicalwaste/issue. Williams, P.W. ( 1993 ) Environmental concern pattern: Ethical codifications of behavior for touristry. Hospitality Trends 7 ( 1 ) , 8-11. World Travel & A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Organization, Earth Council ( 1995 ) Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development. London: WTTC. World Travel & A ; Tourism Environment Research Centre ( WTTERC ) ( 1993 ) Travel & A ; Tourism: Environment & A ; Development. Oxford: WTTERC United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) ( 1988 ) Environmental scrutinizing. Industry and Environment 11 ( 4 ) , 12-18. – ( 1994 ) Environmental Codes of Conduct for Tourism. Paris: UNEP, Industry and Environment. Ward-Whate, L. , Bloomfield Healy, J. ( 1998 ) Social welfare Options: Delivering Social Services. Sydney: Allen & A ; Unwin. Edwards, N. and Harrison, A. ( 1999 ) The infirmary of the hereafter: planning infirmaries with limited grounds. A research and policy job, British Medical Journal, 319: 1361-3. Mentions Chung, J. W. , and Meltzer, D. O.A Estimate of the C footmark of the U.S. wellness attention sector.A JAMA. 302 ( 18 ) :1970-1972, Nov. 11. 2009 Zhu, H.A First eco-friendly infirmary energy works installed. Epoch Times.A Nov 4, 2009. Clark, A.A Deirdre Imus ‘s mission to green up toxic infirmaries. GreenBiz.com.A Oct. 29, 2009. Gilbert, M.A Washington Co. schools, infirmary traveling green.A The Herald-Mail. Oct. 24, 2009. Hemingway, S.A A new shadiness of infirmary viridity. Burlington Free Press. Oct. 18, 2009 Cole, B.A Wisconsin infirmary saves green by traveling green. HealthLeaders Media. Oct. 5, 2009 Guenther R. Sustainable architecture for wellness: a mentality displacement. Guest column. Health Environments Research & A ; Design Journal. 2 ( 4 ) :3-9, Summer 2009 Dunlop, D.A Healthcare ‘s green enterprise: the healthy infirmary motion. Alternate Health Journal. Aug. 3, 2009 Wu, J.A A Environmental conformity: The good, the bad, and the super viridity. Journal of Environmental Management. June 30, 2009. [ Epub in front of print ] Levy, J. , Funk, P. , and Cheney, K.A A The cogeneration option: salvaging money and the planet.A Healthcare Deisgn Magazine.A May 27, 2009 BaldwinA G. How green was my infirmary. Health Data Management. 17 ( 4 ) :82,84, 86, Apr. 2009 Harris, N. , and others.A Hospitals traveling green: a holistic position of the issue and the critical function of the nurse leader.A Holistic Nursing Practice. A 23 ( 2 ) :101-11, Mar./Apr. 2009 Greene, J. Energy. Online auctions touted as a manner to cut down costs, go green. HospitalsA & A ; Health Networks. 83 ( 1 ) :17, Jan. 2009 Crisp, N. , and Donaldson, L.A Material Health: A Resource Flow and Ecological Footprint of the NHS.A Material Health, 2009 Hackenbrach, J.A A Mandates and available inducements for constructing green health care facilities.A Healthcare Design.A 8 ( 12 ) :16-18, Dec. 2008 Gehant, D.A Hospitals and the environment.A Frontiers of Health Services Management.A 25 ( 1 ) :3-10, Fall 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0, ,contentMDK:20266329~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html Appendix: Outline of the proposed thesis Abstraction Recognitions Vita List of Tables List of Figures Chapters: 1. Introduction†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.1. Statement of the Problem†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 1.2. Aims of the Study†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.3. Definitions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.4. Background and Setting†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.5. Significance†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND EMPIRICAL MODEL†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1. Literature Reappraisal†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.1. Green Practices in Healthcare and Tourism Management†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.2. Customers†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.1.3. Industry†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.4. The Impact of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.5. Areas of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.6. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2. Theoretical Model†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3. Hypothesiss Development†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.1. Demographics and Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.2. Demographics and Subjective Norms†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.3. Demographics and Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.4. Attitude towards Green Practices in Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.5. Subjective Norm on Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.6. Perceived Behavioral Control of Visiting Green Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3. Procedure†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.1. Research Design and Subject Selection†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2. Result Measures†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..viii 3.2.1. Independent Variables†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2.2. Dependent Variable†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.3. Data Analysis†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4. Consequence†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.1. Internal Consistency Reliability†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.2. Demographic Characteristics†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.3. Green Areas†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.4. Correlation of Importance of Green Areas with Demographic Characteristic†¦ †¦ 4.5. Willingness to Pay†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6. Hypothesiss aa‚ ¬ † Linear Arrested developments†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.1. Demographics on Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.2. Demographics on Subjective Norm†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.3. Demographics on Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.4. Attitudes, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Intention 4.7. Multicollinearity†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8. Linear Regressions Split by Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.1. Attitudes by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.2. Subjective Norm by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8.3. Perceived Behavioral Control by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.4. Forecasters of Behavioral Intention by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.9. Qualitative informations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1. Drumhead†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.1.1. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1.2. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.2. Deductions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.3. Restrictions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.4. Future Research†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..